According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following is not included?

In Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which identifies various forms of human cognitive abilities, the distinction between formal evaluation methods and the types of intelligences themselves is significant. The listed intelligences—verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal—are recognized dimensions of intelligence that reflect different ways individuals interact with the world and process information.

The correct answer focuses on "paper/pencil demonstration of mastery," which represents a traditional assessment method rather than a form of intelligence. This type of assessment is typically used to measure academic skills and knowledge retention, often assessing linguistic and mathematical abilities. However, it does not encompass the broader spectrum of intelligences that Gardner outlines, which includes abilities such as understanding social dynamics (interpersonal), engaging with language (verbal-linguistic), and reasoning with numbers (logical-mathematical).

Thus, the correct answer highlights the contrast between Gardner's theory, focused on varied intelligences, and conventional assessment methods that may not fully capture an individual's capabilities across multiple dimensions.